Month: February 2024

Section 7a: Endocrine – Hyperthyroid Anatomy and Physiology The thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped organ located in the neck, is a key component of the endocrine system. It produces hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), that plays a role in regulating metabolism. The release of these hormones is controlled by the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced […]

Section 6: Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology The digestive system is a complex network of organs, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, and pancreas, working together to process and absorb nutrients from the food we consume. Mechanical and chemical processes break down food into smaller components, facilitating nutrient extraction and waste […]

Section 5: Liver/Gallbladder Anatomy and Physiology: The liver and gallbladder are integral components of the digestive system, each playing distinct yet interconnected roles. The liver, the body’s largest internal organ, performs functions such as detoxification, metabolism of nutrients, and synthesis of essential proteins. The gallbladder stores and releases bile, a substance produced by the liver […]

Section 4: Cardiovascular System Anatomy and Physiology The cardiovascular system, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, plays a central role in transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body. The heart serves as the muscular pump, while arteries, veins, and capillaries form an intricate network for blood circulation. The cardiac cycle, controlled by […]

Section 3: Blood Sugar Anatomy and Physiology Blood sugar, or glucose, is a vital source of energy for the body’s cells and is primarily regulated by the endocrine system, particularly the pancreas. The pancreas contains clusters of cells called the islets of Langerhans, which house alpha and beta cells. Beta cells release insulin, a hormone […]

Section 2: Parasympathetic Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) serves as the counterpart to the sympathetic system, forming the other branch of the autonomic nervous system. Originating from cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord, the PNS includes preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons. Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter used in […]

Section 1: Sympathetic Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is an important component of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for orchestrating the body’s rapid response to stressors or perceived threats. It consists of a network of nerves that originate in the spinal cord’s thoracic and lumbar regions. Key components include pre-ganglionic […]

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